少し書いてみる気になったので、とりあえず議論の整理など。

 まず、

 外国人女性と日本人男性との間に生まれた子が日本国籍を取得するための要件の問題(実体的要件の問題)

 と

 不正な手段により要件の具備を偽装した日本国籍取得をいかに防止するかの問題(制度運用論)

を峻別することが大事です。両者は全く別の問題です。

 前者については、最高裁の判例が出ちゃってますので、結論が出ていると言ってもいいのですが、国籍法改正批判の中にも、婚姻要件を撤廃することに対する批判的意見は少ないように思われます。最高裁判決を批判する意見の中には散見されます。
 日本人たる父親の子は日本人である、ということ自体については、両親が婚姻(法律上の婚姻)するかどうかにかかわらず日本国籍を認めていいというのが大勢であると認めていいと思われます。

 国籍法改正案に対する批判の大部分は、偽装認知による日本国籍の不正取得に集中しているようです。
 そして不正防止手段の切り札としてDNA鑑定を不可欠とすべきことが強く主張されています。

 ここまでを整理すると、実体的要件の問題として婚姻要件を撤廃すべきである考える以上は(最高裁判決がでたのでそう考えざるを得ない)、法改正は不可避であり、あとは不正行為防止のためにどの程度のことをすべきかという問題になります。

 ところで、日本国籍の不正取得は、現行国籍法でも可能です。
 不正手段の対比でいえば、改正前後の違いは、虚偽の婚姻届が必要か否かだけです。
 改正批判論者は、虚偽の婚姻届を不要とした場合は、国籍の不正取得が格段に容易になると考えているようですが、婚姻届というものは特に取得が困難な添付書類などなしに婚姻届用紙を提出すればいいだけですから、偽装工作としてはとても容易です。
 つまり、婚姻届を必要としているからといって、国籍の不正取得が困難になるとは言えません。
 また、逆の観点から言いますと、偽装結婚を偽装だと証明することはそれほど簡単なことではありません。
 別居しているから偽装だ、と簡単には言えません。
 まったく接触がない場合には偽装と言えると思いますが、役場の窓口で係員が偽装結婚であることを見破ることはほとんど不可能です。
 カップルが二人そろって役場に来たとしても、その男性が夫となるべき人物かどうかすら分かりません。

 つまり、現行法と改正法と比較して、改正法が極端に国籍不正取得が容易だと言い切れるかどうか自信がありません。
 改正法の運用如何によっても大きく変わると思います。

 いつも言ってますが、どんな制度でもメリットとともにデメリットがありますので、要はバランス感覚と価値判断の問題だと思われます。

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 血統主義をとる以上父親が日本人なら日本国籍で当然かと思います。ただし、婚姻とか外形的条件が不備の場合には、何とか届けという紙切れよりはDNA鑑定のような科学的証拠をとるようにした方が、不心得者に偽装などをしようとする気持ちを起こさせないと言う点で正しい道かと。
 婚姻しているのにDNA鑑定やるとかえってやぶ蛇(笑)なので婚姻外の時だけにしておけばいいんじゃないですか。
 現在でも偽装結婚などは結構あるようですが、、

制度に対する賛否の議論とは分けて、実際に偽装犯罪が疑
われるケースに対する法律的な対処、という面で書きます。

モトケンさんが書かれているように、偽装結婚を偽装と証
明することにはかなりの困難が伴います。でも、不可能で
はありません。二人の男女の生活実態を調べれば偽装結婚
ではないかと疑いをかけることは十分に可能です。

偽装結婚の検挙のニュースをときどき聞きますが、これは
そうした捜査結果から裁判所に逮捕状を請求して強制捜査
に入っているのだと理解しています。

話題になっている偽装認知についてはどうでしょうか。偽
装犯罪が疑われるケースがでたとしても強制捜査に入るだ
けの証拠集めの手段が思いつきません(当事者自身が供述
した場合を除く)。

任意捜査の段階(DNA鑑定などは当然できない)から先に
進む手段が見当たらず、犯罪が抑止できずに横行するので
はないか、という危惧が反対派にはあるだろうと考えてい
ます。


個人的には、外国人の偽装犯罪に絡めて考えるから非常に
面倒な議論になっているのではないかと考えています。現
在の制度で日本人の親から産まれたのに無国籍となってし
まう子供などがでて問題になっているの周知の事実ですか
らね。婚姻の推定がある場合を除いて認知にはDNA検査を
義務付けるように根本的に制度を変えてしまってもいいの
ではないかということです。

・婚姻中の夫婦の間に生まれた子供はその夫婦の子供とす
 る。
・婚姻中であっても、母が特に申し出た場合には母単独の
 子供とすることができる。
・DNA検査によって父が証明された場合は、母が他の男性
 と婚姻中であってもその父の子供とする。

くらいの制度にしておけばいいのかな、と。

>偽装結婚の検挙のニュースをときどき聞きますが、これはそうした捜査結果から裁判所に逮捕状を請求して強制捜査に入っているのだと理解しています。

 多くはそうじゃないと思います。
 大抵の場合ブローカーが介在しますので、そのあたりの噂が捜査の端緒の場合が多いと思います。
 噂をたどれば関係者が何人か浮上します。
 そして浮上した関係者を重点的に捜査します。

 その意味では、偽装認知も似たようなものだろうと想像しています。
 認知した自称父親をちょっとつつけばぼろが出るパターンが多いと思います。

初歩的な質問だと思いますので恐縮ですが。
この国籍法改正問題に於いて、ネット上の他のブログ等を閲覧していて、やたらと反対意見が多く、その理由の一つに、扶養義務を課すべきだ、このままではザル法だというものも有りました。
私の理解の中では、国籍法改正の骨子は、国籍取得の手段に重きを置いたもので、認知した場合は、他の法律で扶養義務が当然の如く、付帯してくるだろう、と思っているのですが、そんな理解で宜しいんでしょうか?(河野議員のQ&Aにもそのような事が書いてあったと思います。)
要は、認知をしたからには、もし母親に不慮の出来事があっても、子供に対する扶養義務は完全に認知した父親に有る筈だと理解していますがどうでしょうか。
(母親に扶養能力が有る場合でも、認知した父親も扶養義務があると思いますので、認知しただけで、後は俺知らないよ、と言う訳では無いと思うのですが)

特に宛名は記しませんでしたが、何方か教えていただきたいです。
m(_ _)m

>No.4 ゼロ+O 様
私は法曹資格を持たない一般人なので、差し出た事を申し上げるようで大変恐縮なのですが、ご紹介の論点については次のように感じる次第です。

ご指摘の通り、扶養義務は民法第4編の規定(表題としては親族とあり、親族関係について規定した部分です。このうち、扶養義務は第877条以下の規定になります。)の問題、場合によっては扶養義務の準拠法に関する法律の問題であって、国籍法の問題ではありません。
その上で、「認知」という手続きをとるということは、自身との血縁上の親子関係の存在を法的に認める行為なのですから、父親にも認知の効力が生じた時点で当然に民法の規定による扶養義務が生じると、通常は考えられると思われます。
そもそもの問題は、(私の記憶が確かなら)認知によって親子関係の存在を認められ&日本国籍を取得するのが妥当な状況にも関わらず、認知しても国籍法の不備(との司法判断が最終的に確定した事態)によって国籍を得る事が出来ないという事態だった筈で、扶養義務規定が国籍法に加えられない事をもってザル法という議論は、焦点が外れているように思います。

---- (参考)民法第877条 ----
(扶養義務者)
第八百七十七条  直系血族及び兄弟姉妹は、互いに扶養をする義務がある。
2  家庭裁判所は、特別の事情があるときは、前項に規定する場合のほか、三親等内の親族間においても扶養の義務を負わせることができる。
3  前項の規定による審判があった後事情に変更を生じたときは、家庭裁判所は、その審判を取り消すことができる。

thx-1138様
詳しく、ご返答頂きまして、ありがとうございます。

>扶養義務規定が国籍法に加えられない事をもってザル法という議論は、焦点が外れているように思います。

私もそのように感じておりました。

モトケン先生の
>どんな制度でもメリットとともにデメリットがありますので、要はバランス感覚と価値判断の問題だと思われます。

という事に、得心できます。

> 大抵の場合ブローカーが介在しますので、そのあたりの
> 噂が捜査の端緒の場合が多いと思います。

もちろん端緒はそうでしょうが、具体的に個々の事例を
偽装結婚として立件するには「客観的にみて結婚生活を
送っていないと考えられる」というのが強制捜査に入る
第一の条件になってるのではないか、ということです。

結婚生活しているかどうかについては、まだ世間的な合
意がとれていて(それこそ離婚裁判では結婚生活が客観
的にみて続いているかどうかが問題になることもあるし)
当事者が否定しても裁判などの場で判断が可能でしょう。

私がこの場をお借りして聞いてみたいのは、偽装認知と
疑われるケースがあって、かつ当事者が偽装を否認して
いる場合に立件まで持っていけるのだろうか、というこ
とです。任意捜査の段階ではDNA検査を拒否できるし、
かといって強制捜査まで行けるのか。


また、たとえ強制捜査ができて遺伝子検査で親子関係が
否定できたとしても、「関係を持ったことはある。その
ときの子供だと思ったので認知したのだ」と供述された
ら立件は非常に難しい気がします。


捜査や立件の困難さから「野放しになる」というのが反
対派の論拠だと思うので、どれくらい困難なのかを法律
実務の上で検討してみたいわけです。

偽装認知による国籍不正取得も偽装婚による不正取得も
偽装工作としては同じくらい起こり得るということは
最高裁の国籍法の違憲判決にも書かれています。
ただ、何か知らんけど、マスコミが報道しない。
「国籍取れて良かった良かった」のノリ。
こういう一面的な報道が、もともとマスコミ不審の傾向が強いネット住民の方々(でも最高裁判決は読まない。だってpdfだから)
の過剰反応を引き起こすのではと思います。

ネットの反応は、
不正認知の危険のことをマスコミが言わないから、俺たちが言う
というだけのことのような気がします。

横から失礼します。

「実態としての婚姻関係の調査」については、遺族年金の給付の面では日常的に行われています。

虚偽の夫婦関係を主張するような場合、面接して丁寧な聞き取り調査を行うと、夫と妻が「現実に出会うことが不可能」であったり、主張している経緯と歴史的な事実が一致しないなど、おかしな点が出るものです。例えば、関西方面で一緒に暮らしていたと主張する同時期に、東北地方で働いていた健康保険の加入記録が出てきたり、関西で一緒に暮らしていたなら子供の年齢から時期的に阪神大震災を経験しているはずなのに、地震での被災の体験談が辻褄が合わなかったり等々、ウソの話というのは注意深く聞き取り調査でボロが出てきます。

認知における申立の審査でも、こうした当事者からの聞き取りで疑問点が出てきたら、片っ端から却下すれば良い。却下されてもどうしても日本国籍が欲しいなら、却下処分取消請求の訴訟を起こすであろうから、その訴訟の中でDNA鑑定なりを行えば良いと思う。

認知申請にDNA鑑定を原則義務づけるなら、嫡出子・非嫡出子の別なく全ての出生届について、DNA鑑定での科学的親子関係の証明を義務づけるべきであろう。そうでなければ表見上の嫡出子(親同士が戸籍上は婚姻関係にあるが、科学的鑑定を行えば父親が夫でない子)という問題に対してバランスを欠く。

戸籍(国籍)上の親子関係の証明に、過剰な科学的整合性を求めると、日本全体の家族関係や社会慣習が崩壊してしまうと思う。

戸籍上の親子関係と科学的な親子関係は別に一致していなくても良いというのが
今の民法の建前なので、
仮にDNA鑑定を要件とするなら、認知の要件ではなく
あくまでも国籍取得の要件として位置づけるしかないんじゃないかと思います。
つまり、DNA鑑定ではねられたら認知はできるけど国籍は取れない。

DNA鑑定を認知の要件としたら、また違憲判決下るだけだと思います。

改正反対派はその辺どう言ってるんですかね。

>戸籍上の親子関係と科学的な親子関係は別に一致していなくても良い
>というのが今の民法の建前

そこなんですよね、建前としての親子関係を広く認める日本の制度の中にあって、厳密な科学的親子関係の証明を要求する。しかも国籍取得の認知の時だけ科学的親子関係の証明を要求することは、憲法の面から見れば国籍取得での差別的制度ですから、違憲判決間違いなし。

日本国憲法の基本的人権(自由・平等・無差別…)は、日本国籍を既に持っている者にだけ適用されると、反対派は思っているのだろうか?

>「客観的にみて結婚生活を送っていないと考えられる」

 これはどういう状況をイメージされているのでしょうか?

 捜査員が(戸籍上の)妻である容疑者宅を1か月ばかり24時間体制で見張って、(戸籍上の)夫がまったく(戸籍上の)妻の家に来ないことを確認すれば「客観的にみて結婚生活を送っていないと考えられる」ということでしょうか?
 これは相当な捜査リソースの消費です。

 たぶん、それでも強制捜査に入るための条件としては不十分だと思います。
 長期出張または単身赴任または夫が遠洋漁船の漁師などという可能性もありますから、ある程度の内偵捜査はするとしても、最後は戸籍上の妻ないし夫から詳細な事情聴取をする必要があります。
 そこでボロがでてくると(No.9 法務業の末席のコメント参照)強制捜査という手順になると思います。

 関係者の事情聴取が必要という意味では、偽装結婚も偽装認知もそれほど大きな違いはないと思われます。

>認知における申立の審査でも、こうした当事者からの聞き取りで疑問点が出てきたら、片っ端から却下すれば良い。

このように厳格な運用ができれば、恐らく、現在の偽装結婚もかなり阻止できると思います。私も、厳格な運用を期待しています。

しかし、現実には、ある宗教団体の責任者が100組の装結婚を斡旋していた事例のように、お役所の窓口は「なるべく波風は立てたくない」(却下しようものなら、圧力団体が押しかけてきて、自分が面倒なことに巻き込まれる)ため、承認してしまうような不安があります。

別件ですが、不正入国者の子供が、入管当局に通報されることもなく、何年も義務教育を受けている事例に通じるような気がします。

また、ドイツでは、1998年の親子法改革により、父親の認知宣言と母親の同意だけで父子関係の認知が成立することになりました(これにより、生物的な父子関係のみでなく、社会的な父子関係についても法的な認知が可能となりました)。しかし、この制度を悪用して滞在法上の資格を得ようとする事例が現れたことから、2008年に「父子関係の認知無効のための権利を補足する法律」が制定されています。民法典の改正により、父子間に社会的・家族的関係が存在しないのに認知により、子や親の入国・滞在が認められる条件が整うケースに限って、父子関係の認知無効を求める権利が管轄官庁にも与えられたそうです。

暫く、ご無沙汰しておりました。
 
 まぁ、"建前としての親子関係を広く認める日本の制度"の元において
 
 日本国憲法がありとあらゆる政治的難民、経済的難民、飢餓状態にある某国民や、某大陸の人々の基本的人権を守られているようには思えませんが、
 
 "日本国憲法の基本的人権(自由・平等・無差別…)は、日本国籍を既に持っていない者にだけ適用されると、賛成派は思っているのだろうか?”(太字は非引用部)
 
 極論でとしておっしゃった事と理解しておりますが、婚姻は一度に一人ですけど、認知って何人まとめて認知できるんでしょう? 
 
 私が理解する範囲では、今回の国籍法改正の原因となった嫡出子と非嫡出子の区別は養子縁組で嫡出子と同等の扱いとなり、嫡出子と非嫡出子の区別は解消される手段があると理解しています。 
  
 で、今回のケースでは、認知したけど扶養するつもりはない日本人男性(扶養するなら養子縁組で国籍は取れるはず)の子供は何の為に日本の国籍が必要なのかが今ひとつ理解に苦しむのです。 
 
 勝手な例としてあげますが、国外で代理出産した子供を実子として自分の戸籍に入れたいと主張されて、裁判まで訴えたタレントさんがいました。裁判に訴えないと国籍や親子関係が構築できないのかと言うと、どうも「養子縁組」はいやだと言うのが理由で拒否なされたそうです。 「実子」だとか「養子」とか「国籍」なども、あくまで制度の一端であるのだから、著しい偏りが存在するならともかく、代替手段があればそれで充分な気がしてならないのですが、それでもいやだと言うのは了見が狭いと言うか多様な生き方を容認できないというか、よっぽど「差別主義者」の様に思えます。(ちょっとイイ過ぎ?)
 
 『違憲』の名の下にナンデモ画一化しようとする傾向が伺われる昨今の風潮は如何なものかと思う次第です。
 
 ここでは嫌われるかも知れませんが、口入屋の3代目の台詞をもじって
「人生いろいろ、仕事もいろいろ…、 家族もいろいろ。」でいいんじゃないかと思います。
 
 この問題、「たいしたことではない」「いや、たいへんだ」に2分されちゃってアレなんですが、今回の最高裁の違憲判決利用して、国籍取得のハードルをもっと高く、いや、厳密にする方向にはいかないモンですかねぇ。非嫡出子の件はそれとして、偽装縁組の厳罰化とか。組織的関与に関するコトとか、もう遅いですか。
 
 なんか空気読まずにごめんなさい。

通りすがりで口を挟むのは恐縮ですが、基本1対1である偽装結婚化と、1対nである偽装認知を同軸で語るのはいかがでしょうか?
偽装結婚で100人が国籍を同時に取得するには100人の異性配偶者と三年の居住経験が必要ですが、偽装認知では極端な話、100人の子を1人の父親に対して同時に認知させることも可能な様に思えますが。
そういう意味での容易さは十分にあるように感じられます。

素人考えで恐縮ですが、そんな疑問が浮かびました。

>三年の居住経験が必要ですが、

 これは国籍法第7条または8条の帰化要件のことですよね。
 今回問題になっているのは、国籍法3条です。


>100人の子を1人の父親に対して同時に認知させる

 偽装認知であることを自白しているようなものですね。
 つまり、例が非現実的過ぎます。

これは国籍法第7条または8条の帰化要件のことですよね。 今回問題になっているのは、国籍法3条です。

結婚では7条にて3年という居住条件が定められているのに、そういった要件のない認知と並べて「偽装結婚と偽装認知でさして差はない」とするのは変じゃないかと申し上げたかったのですが、なにか誤解してますでしょうか?
民法第779条以下および戸籍法第60条以下、ならびに法の適用に関する通則法第29条を参照しても認知に対する付帯要件がよくわからなかったので・・・。認知によって生じる扶養義務を履行しなかった(できるという判断がなされなかった)からといって、認知無効となるというわけでも無い様に思えるのですが。逆に言えばダメダメな日本人が父親だったとしたら、条件を満たしながら日本国籍が取得できないともなってしまいますし。
これがいわゆる「運用でカバー」なのでしょうか。

偽装認知であることを自白しているようなものですね。 つまり、例が非現実的過ぎます。

非現実的と申されると汗顔の至りです。
要は、偽装結婚と違って一人の不心得者によって同時に複数の偽装が可能であると申し上げたいだけなのです。

長々と申し訳ありません。

>>100人の子を1人の父親に対して同時に認知させる

>偽装認知であることを自白しているようなものですね。
>つまり、例が非現実的過ぎます。


 「認知」における父親の立ち位置の問題は充分に考慮する必要はあると思います。
 
 既に現在の生殖医療技術では男性1人の生殖物質が100人の子を同時に受精させること自体はさして困難なことではありませんから、実はDNA鑑定をもってしても「1人の父親が100人の子を同時になす」コトが可能であれば、「認知」の可能性も否定できなくはありませんか? 
  もっと、現実的には毎年1人、10年で10人。毎月1人、一年で12人…。 どの辺で「怪しい」とするかは閾値は存在しないでしょう。 生き物としての人間の生殖機能としては。 これ(生殖)は「代理出産」等含め、個々の特殊事情を鑑みる必要があるように思えます。
 
 もちろん、かなり異常な状況である事は承知しておりますが、今回の改正の根拠となる最高裁判決とあまりにも速やかな法改正も"うさんくささ"(かなり異常な状況)を感じさせても不思議ないと思います。

 嫡出子と非嫡出子の区分と国籍は果たして関係するのでしょうか? 出生届が期間内に提出されない場合、嫡出子であっても帰化申請と審査を必要とすれば、法の下の平等は保たれる事になるのではないかなぁと考えたりもします。(嫡出子側のハードルを上げる事でバランス取れませんか?)
 
 国籍法改正について、件の「労働力としての移民」問題や「多重国籍」も含め、国籍法自体に注目が集まる事は今後の「日本国」を考える上で意味があると思いますがマスメディアにはあまり載らないように見えるのは如何なものかと。

ITD様
横からすいません。
>認知によって生じる扶養義務を履行しなかった(できるという判断がなされなかった)からといって、認知無効となるというわけでも無い様に思えるのですが
>偽装結婚と違って一人の不心得者によって同時に複数の偽装が可能であると申し上げたいだけなのです。

違っていたら申し訳ありませんが、
偽装結婚に比して、偽装認知の方がより簡単に出来てしまうような論調が私には良く理解できないんですが。
偽装の事ばかりを上げるのも気が引けますが、私が思うに、もしいい加減な日本人が居て、お金を積まれて偽装を請け負うとしたら、偽装結婚の方が相手がおそらく成人の女性或いは男性であろうと思いますので、ある意味お気楽に偽装結婚してしまう輩もいらっしゃるでしょうが、認知の場合は色んな義務が生じるはずでしょうから、ある一定の良心の呵責との葛藤が生じ、相当のいい加減さがなければ、お気楽にできないと思います。(何らかの組織的な犯罪はとりあえず置いときます)

>なにか誤解してますでしょうか?

 国籍法3条の問題として、現行法と改正法を比較する場合には、3年という居住条件は問題にならない、ということなんですけど。


>偽装結婚と偽装認知でさして差はない」

 これは、

>>関係者の事情聴取が必要という意味では、偽装結婚も偽装認知もそれほど大きな違いはないと思われます。

の部分のことでしょうか?
 これは、国籍法3条の要件として婚姻要件を要求するのとしないのとで、不正に対する捜査の観点では、大きな差はない、という意味です。

>要は、偽装結婚と違って一人の不心得者によって同時に複数の偽装が可能であると申し上げたいだけなのです。

 それは可能です。
 婚姻は一夫一婦制ですが、認知は同時期に複数の子を認知することができます。
 それを含めて、認知+婚姻 より 認知だけ のほうが不正が容易だろうと私も思います。
 しかし、それが現行法に比べて改正法のほうが不正がザル法的に増えるとまで言えるかは疑問だということです。

 そういう議論のときに、非現実的な極端事例を持ち出すと議論が混乱する思います。
 非現実的な極端事例に対処する方法を考えると言うことは、非現実的な対処方法を考えるということであり、あまり実益がある議論になるとは思えません。

ゼロ+O様
読んで頂いてありがとうございます。

お話にあるような「いい加減な日本人」に良心や義務の履行を求められるか疑問なので、モトケン先生からも指摘のあった国籍法第7条における「居住3年」という帰化条件のように前提があって認められるものと、認められてから生じる義務では後者のほうが難易度が低いと考えています。
ちなみに認知は未成年に対してのみ行われるものではないと思うのですが、認識間違っておりますでしょうか?

おっしゃるとおり偽装前提で話してしまい恐縮しきりです。
本質的には生ませっぱなしの不貞の輩の犠牲になる子供の救済のはずなのですが・・・。


早速のレスをいただき、ありがとうございます。

>未成年に対してのみ行われるものではないと思うのですが

すいません、私も成人とかの表現を使い、汗かきました。

>本質的には生ませっぱなしの不貞の輩の犠牲になる子供の救済のはずなのですが・

私もこのことが念頭にあったため、視野を狭めた表現になってしまいました。
(最高裁での違憲判決からの改正法への流れはそればっかりの理由だけではないとは思いますけど、専門家で無いので旨く言えませんが)

モトケン様

つたない文章に真摯に対応していただきありがとうございます。

どうも私の誤読のようで
・偽装結婚により配偶者が国籍を得る場合

・偽装認知により子が国籍を得る場合
を並列にされているものだと思っておりました。

ただそれに置いても、婚姻相手の子に限定される場合と不特定多数の相手の子を枠内とするでは大きく隔たりがあるように思います。
ネルソン・ピケのような奔放な生活(これもまた極論とお叱りを受けそうですが)をしていたと主張されて、それを的確に退けうるものかという疑問です。

こんばんわ

流れを切るようで悪いのですが、認知による義務は
本来なら結構大変だったと思うのですが、
今までの議論を見るとかなり適当ですむように聞こえる
のですがどうでしょう?
(遺産相続、扶養義務など)
この場合、たとえ偽装でも、その後の義務というのは
簡単に回避可能なものなのでしょうか?

違憲判決から法改正への流れが速いとは思いません。
だって、最高裁の違憲判決が下った以上、実際の運用上はもう婚姻要件は外されちゃっているんですよ。
法律と実体にズレがある状態は望ましいとは言えません。
とりあえず実体に法律を合わせとこう、と思うのはふつーかと。

あと、嫡出子か非嫡出子かという違いだけを理由として違憲判決が下ったように思われている方もいるようですが、
それだけではありません。
結婚していなくても、
生まれる前の認知であれば日本国籍は取れるということとの平等や
母親だけが日本人であれば日本国籍は取れるということとの平等も視野に入っている判決だと思います。

正直、嫡出非嫡出の違いだけであれば、違憲にはならなかったかも。


No.24 質問者さん

扶養義務というのは、子供に対して負う義務です。
扶養義務を果たしていなくても子供が文句言わなければそれまでです。

遺産相続
そもそも相続する遺産がなければ無問題。

横入り失礼
>認知は未成年に対してのみ行われるものではないと思う
仰る通り、民法の規定する「認知」は未成年のみが対象ではありませんが、認知により自動的に日本国籍を取得できる者は、20歳未満の子に限られます。(国籍法3条1項)

20歳以上で認知された場合は、国籍法3条に基づく日本国籍取得ではなく、帰化による日本国籍取得となり、法務大臣の許可(許可要件は国籍法6条と8条)が必要です。よって日本国籍取得を目的に、成年の大人が日本人の父から認知を偽装する、という仮定の懸念は無意味かと思います。

また外国籍の母から出生した20歳未満の子が日本人の父に認知された場合でも、日本国籍を自動的に取得できるのは認知された子だけであって、認知によって母親にも日本国籍が与えられるわけではありません。外国籍の母親は婚姻による配偶者としての帰化(国籍法7条)での日本国籍取得、あるいは日本居住の実績での帰化などを目指すことになります。

このエントリの国籍法改正のテーマには、国籍法、戸籍法、民法、以上3つの法令の適用の範囲と、適用された場合の効果については、法令ごとに分けて議論すべきと思います。私もこうした法令については業務範囲ではありませんので、もし間違った解説をしていたならば、法曹の方なりその方面の専門家のご指摘をお願いします。

なお以下は私の本業の守備範囲になりますが、医療など社会保険制度や社会保障制度、並びに教育や就学などの児童の福祉の面では、日本国籍の有無が要件となる福祉サービスはあまりありません。サービスを受けられる資格要件の原則は日本国内居住であって、外国籍でも国内居住者であれば日本国籍の者と同等に扱われる制度が殆どです。

>それを的確に退けうるものかという疑問です。

 場合によってはDNA鑑定、というのはありだと思います。
 但し、その位置付けについては議論が必要です。

 認知の要件としてDNA鑑定を要求するとなると、各所で指摘されているように認知制度全体との整合性が問題になります。

 偽装認知に対する罰則適用のための強制捜査として行うことは考えられます。
 どういう場合に令状発付に足る嫌疑があると言えるかについては明言を控えますが。

 正直言って,国籍法改正案に反対する人は人種的偏見があると言われてもしょうがないでしょう。少なくとも,河野太郎議員のブログに書き込まれたコメントを見る限りはそう判断せざるを得ません。
 最高裁違憲判決後は,仮に国籍法の改正があってもなくても実務上同じであり,改正案に反対するなら現行法にも反対しなければ筋が通りません。
 それにそもそも,改正案が通っても日本は国籍取得に関してハードルの高い国でしょう。

 

返信ありがとうございます。

>No.24 質問者さん

扶養義務というのは、子供に対して負う義務です。
扶養義務を果たしていなくても子供が文句言わなければそれまでです。

遺産相続
そもそも相続する遺産がなければ無問題。

 ただ子供に対する義務を考えるとどうなんだろうと思ってしまいますが。(今回の件に以外でも)

婚姻届は未婚者しか出せないので、今回の改正で既婚者でも認知が可となる。
人口比率からみて相当に偽装が容易になるといえるのではないでしょうか。
流石に90歳超えると、むむ、となりますが不可能ではないかもしれないし。

 既婚者つまり妻がいる人が婚外子を認知してそれが妻に知れたらどうなると思いますか?
 認知すればそれが戸籍に載りますから、何かのきっかけで妻が戸籍を見たらえらい騒ぎになるかも知れません。

 これは認知する既婚者にとって相当なリスクだと思われます。
 一般論ですが。

 

偽装認知なんてケースは、お金が必要でせっぱ詰まった人たちが巻き込まれそうですから、資金繰りに困る自営業とか多重債務者だと家族ぐるみで荷担するケースはそれなりにありそうに思います。

 なんで反対派の方はありえそうにない事例をたくさん挙げて心配するのでしょうか。
 そんなことを言ったら、道路交通法、ストーカー規制法、暴力団対策法、・・・法を読んでも心配だらけですよ(笑)。
 

可能性をそこまで織り込むのであれば、改正前の状態でも、資金繰りに窮した家族が戸籍上だけ離婚して、「独身」になった夫が偽装結婚して報酬をもらうことが可能ですね。

求む!現在15歳の子どもを偽装認知してくれる日本人男性!

採用条件:
1、平成5年1月1日頃、○○国○○地域への渡航暦がある方
2、万一捕まった場合、最高7年半の懲役刑も頑張れる方
3、平成5年当時、18歳~65歳で生殖能力を有していた方

なお、偽装認知によって扶養義務や家庭内不和が生じたとしても、当方は一切責任を負いません。
謝礼については、当方あまりお金を持っておりませんので、大判数枚程度差し上げます。


…う~ん、昔は海外旅行する余裕もあったが、現在は、多大なリスクを背負ってでもわずかなお金が欲しい日本人男性…求人は大変そうな気がします。
組織的に不法入国を斡旋しようとするなら、他の手段の方が簡単でしょうしね。

>No.32 とさか 様
不躾ながら、一つだけ、お尋ね致したく存じます。
とさか様が憂いておられますのは、「今回の改正案の内容だけ」でしょうか?それとも「今回の改正案の内容のみでなく国籍法そのもの」に対して憂いて居られますでしょうか?
言い換えましたら、今回の改正案の成立が阻止できれば、それでお心を安んじられますでしょうか?つまり、現行の国籍法が維持できれば何の憂いもお感じになられないと考えて間違いございませんでしょうか?


いや、別に憂えているわけでも改正に反対しているわけでもないです。最高裁判決がでているので法改正が必要であるというのはそれはそれでもっともです。
従来は偽装ができなかったなどと主張するつもりもありません。
ただ偽装へのハードルは下がったのは事実じゃないかな、というだけです。

>No.37 とさか 様
ご主旨確かに拝受いたしました。斯様に不躾な質問に丁寧にお答え頂きましたことを、お礼申し上げ、お詫び申し上げます。m(__)m

私個人と致しましては、ご投稿のご主旨であるハードルの問題というか悪用される懸念については、裁判の過程に於いて国(=法務省)が主張した上での最高裁判決なので、議員や行政職員への憲法尊重擁護義務の観点からも改正はやむを得ないだろうと考えています。

その上で、母親である外国籍の方(或いはブローカーと称される方が関与しているならその方も含めて。)の在留管理の分野(出入国管理難民認定法・外国人登録法の分野)で、何とか対応するしかないのではないかな?という感触を持っています。

例として適切なのかは解りませんが、国籍法の規定によって「水際防御」するのでなく、出入国管理難民認定法・外国人登録法の規定による「内陸防御」に移行する必要があるのではないかと。。。

どの程度の対応が必要かは、認知の対象となる未成年の子供さんの年齢にもよるとも思わなくもないのですが、それも法の下の平等に照らして合理的な差異とみなされるかどうかで、論議になりそうですし。

法務業の末席様

解説ありがとうございます。
経過措置にて成人にも認められる幅があると誤解しておりました。

モトケン様
結局現行も改正後も、入管なりが個々の事案を精査される事に期待するしかないのでしょうか。

個人的には、真正日本人として育てるつもりがあるならば、DNA的に繋がりがなくとも認めてもいいと思うのです。
ただ昨今のいろいろな状況を見るに着け、「対象枠は広げるから、審査はより厳格に」というのが時代に則ったバランス感覚だと思うのですが、人種差別的でしょうか。
審査にかかる費用が重いというなら、それこそ国が負担すべきとも思います。

現状の曖昧な状態はそれこそ要らぬ差別と迫害をもたらしかねないとも懸念するのですが・・・。

モトケン様

明文化されないと正確な判断は難しいところだとは思いますが、記事から見るに定住者の在留審査程度には厳正化されると捕らえて誤りないでしょうか?
はたしてそれがどの程度のものなのかは素人にはよくわかりませんが・・・。

しっかりとした判断基準が設けられるなら、何も批判することはありません。
あとは正当な権利を持つ子供たちが不利益を被らないことを願うばかりです。

 私にもよくわかりませんが

 正当な届け出については届出人に負担をかけないように受け付けて、不正な届け出だけはきちんと排除するというのはとてもむずかしいことです。

 不正な届け出を完全にブロックしようとすると、正当な届け出も困難または煩雑になり場合によっては正当な届け出も排斥してしまうことになります。

 つまり、不正な届け出行為は、不正行為者が不当な利益を得るだけでなく、正当な権利者の利益を大きく侵害するということが理解される必要があると思います。

>ただ偽装へのハードルは下がったのは事実じゃないかな、というだけです

 門戸を広げればハードルは下がる

というのが、制度設計上の常識だと思います。

 そこでハードルを上げ直すと、

 せっかく広げた門戸がまた狭くなってしまう

ということになってしまいます。

 さじ加減が難しいところです。

国益とか経済といった視点から考えた場合どうなんだろうか。

それはいろいろな要素が絡む、難しい問題なので

とりあえずやってみりゃ
わかるんじゃね?

くらいしか言えませんなあ。

すみません。なんとなく私の中で国籍の問題というのは人権とか倫理といったこともあるでしょうが経済的な意味合いも強いような気がしているもので。

 自治体の窓口業務でいつもジレンマに陥るのが、外国人登録の際の「在留資格なし」という登録です。

いや、国籍の問題は経済的な意味合いも強いですよ。
人1人養うって、大きな負担ですから。
ただ、経済の問題は人権よりもずっと複雑で、事前の予測はたてにくいうえに、
経済問題は、後からの調整がききます。

今回の国籍法の問題で裁判所は実質的には、子供の教育を受ける権利を重視しています。
義務教育って、受けるチャンス逃すと取り返すの大変でしょ。

国益や経済っていう、後から何とかなりそうなことに比べて現実味あるから
ワタシ的にはやっぱ比較するとこっちの方が強いと思うんですよ。

 比較してどっちがというより、別の側面から見た場合ではどうなのかなとふと思ったもので。
 もちろん私も子供にチャンスを与えることは大賛成です。多少の偽装が含まれる可能性があったとしてもです。
 やっぱりここでの議論とは少しずれていました。すみません。
 

これまでの制度では

>外国人女性と日本人男性との間に生まれた子が日本国籍を
>取得するための要件の問題(実体的要件の問題)

について,妊娠中に父親が認知した子と認知されずに生まれてた子の取扱いの差が非常に大きかったのが問題のひとつのように思います。同じ母親の複数の子供(兄弟姉妹)であっても,父親が認知するタイミングの違いだけで国籍取得要件が違ってしまう制度は差別的な印象を受けます。

どちらも「不貞の輩」の子であっても,まだしも妊娠中に父親が認知できた場合とそうでなかった場合で,国籍取得へのハードルが大きく違うことの改善は必要でしょう。

生後の認知に対してDNA鑑定結果を任意提出とし,その代わりDNA鑑定結果で親子関係が認められれば事情聴取や関連資料提出が軽減されるということであれば,偽装に無縁の認知申請・国籍取得を望む関係者はむしろ進んでDNA鑑定結果を提出すると思いますし,政府側も審査の負荷が軽減されるのではないでしょうか。

ただ,偽装認知を狙うような人たちはDNA鑑定書の偽造も当然狙ってくる気もします。国内認定機関でのDNA鑑定を要求するとなると,その前に入国ビザの審査が厳しい日本ではDNA鑑定のための入国までのハードルが高くてつらそうです。

 逆にDNA本鑑定は、1件30~50万円とだいぶお安くなってきているので(昔は1件200~500万円)、鑑定人買収や虚偽鑑定の恐れが・・・考え過ぎだといいのですが。

親が片方でも日本人で、幼少の頃より日本で育っており日本語を話し、これからも日本で生活することを希望し、既に日本にて生活基盤を形成し、経済的にも自立している方に、日本国籍を与えて何が問題なのでしょうか。

問題視されてる方は、おそらく国籍取得そのものより、将来的に何か問題が起こることを危惧されているのだと思うのですが、どういった心配をされているのでしょうか?

僕が思うに、日本って日本語は難しいし、外国人からすれば別に住みやすい国でもないので、法律がどうなろうと日本国籍が欲しい人の母数ってそんなに変わらないのではないでしょうか。母数が同じなら、厳しい法律の元では、不法滞在、不正取得が多発し、そっちの方が犯罪の温床になりかねない気がします。それならいっそのこと、門戸を広げ、ついでに社会保障番号制を導入して、実体の把握に努めるほうが良いのではないかと思います。

斜陽さんの仰ってる経済的な側面というのはむしろ移民の問題だと思います。少子化で日本経済も衰退気味の昨今、移民で労働力不足を補うことは近い将来必要でしょう。この点においても、門戸を広げると同時に、実態を把握するための社会保障番号制導入が必要になってくると思います。

最後は社会保障番号制の話みたいになってしまいましたが・・・トピズレついでに、社会保障番号制についても、ここにいらっしゃる識者のご意見を拝見したいと思っております。

>どういった心配をされているのでしょうか?

伝聞ですが、『日本を「外国人」に乗っ取られる』と感じているようです。

>どういった心配をされているのでしょうか?

 No.53 TuHさんのコメントに追記ですが、

 伝聞ですが、『日本を「外国」に乗っ取られる』と感じているようです。

 なお、「社会保障番号制」を国籍取得問題と離れて議論するのはトピずれです。
 国籍取得管理をするということは、日本人管理をするということになるわけですが、それは「社会保障番号制」以上の事態になると思われます。
 この場合の日本人は、国籍法3条によって日本国籍を取得した日本人だけでなく、およそ日本人全てという意味です。

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Apple now has Rhapsody as an app, which is a great start, but it is currently hampered by the inability to store locally on your iPod, and has a dismal 64kbps bit rate. If this changes, then it will somewhat negate this advantage for the Zune, but the 10 songs per month will still be a big plus in Zune Pass' favor.

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